Freud (1905/1960) believed that humor can express hostility, especially hostile and sexist humor. Freud described two varieties of humor: non-tendentious and tendentious. Non-tendentious humor includes "innocent" jokes that involve word play, substitution, absurdity, and the like. In contrast, tendentious humor has a particular aim, usually sexual or hostile. Sexual jokes may be used to test the waters with potential sex partners. They may be used to express repressed desires. Or, they may be used in a hostile manner. "By making our enemy small, inferior, despicable or comic, we achieve in a roundabout way the enjoyment of overcoming him- to which the third person, who has made no efforts, bears witness by his laughter" (p. 103). Thus, hostile jokes may be used simultaneously to attack one person or group while affiliating with another person or group. In this manner, the audience becomes an essential component of tendentious humor. By laughing, the audience affirms the point of view expressed in the joke. Obscene jokes can reinforce the norms of a group (Fine, 1976). Hostile humor can be used to reject and exclude people (Hertzler, 1970). Sexist humor can be "a token of camaraderie among coworkers" (Pryor, 1995a, p. 160) or it may reflect a discourse of power and an expression of patriarchy (Richlin, 1992). Humor can be used to express power and dominance in a group (Coser, 1960). Finally, sexual teasing, jokes, and remarks are the most common form of sexual harassment (Pryor, 1995a, 1995b).